What Is It Called When You Spell Words With Dashes for Art

Punctuation mark used to join words

‐
Unicode hyphen
- ‑ ־ Hyphen-minus Non-breaking hyphen Hebrew maqaf

The hyphen ‐ is a punctuation mark used to bring together words and to split up syllables of a unmarried word. The use of hyphens is chosen hyphenation.^[1] Son-in-law is an example of a hyphenated word. The hyphen is sometimes dislocated with dashes (figure nuance ‒, en dash –, em dash —, horizontal bar ―), which are longer and have different uses, or with the minus sign −, which is also longer and more vertically centred in some typefaces.

Although hyphens are not to be confused with en dashes, in that location are some overlaps in usage (in which either a hyphen or an en nuance may exist acceptable, depending on user preference, as discussed beneath). In add-on, the hyphen often substitutes for the en dash elsewhere in informal writing.

As an orthographic concept, the hyphen is a single entity. In terms of graphic symbol encoding and display, information technology is represented by any of several characters and glyphs, including the Unicode hyphen (shown at the top of the infobox on this page), the hyphen-minus, the soft (optional) hyphen, and the non-breaking hyphen. The character most often used to represent a hyphen is called the "hyphen-minus" by Unicode, deriving from the original ASCII standard where it was called "hyphen(minus)".^[ii]

Etymology [edit]

The word is derived from Ancient Greek ὑφ' ἕν ( huph' hén ), contracted from ὑπό ἕν ( hypó hén ), "in one" (literally "nether ane").^{[iii] [four]} An (ἡ) ὑφέν ( (he) hyphén ) was an undertie-like ‿ sign written beneath two adjacent letters to signal that they belong to the aforementioned word when it was necessary to avoid ambiguity, earlier word spacing was practiced.

Use in English language [edit]

The English language does not have definitive hyphenation rules,^[5] though various style guides provide detailed usage recommendations and have a significant amount of overlap in what they suggest. Hyphens are mostly used to break unmarried words into parts or to bring together commonly separate words into single words. Spaces are not placed betwixt a hyphen and either of the elements it connects except when using a suspended or "hanging" hyphen that stands in for a repeated word (east.g., nineteenth- and twentieth-century writers). Style conventions that apply to hyphens (and dashes) have evolved to support ease of reading in circuitous constructions; editors oft accept deviations if they aid rather than hinder like shooting fish in a barrel comprehension.

The use of the hyphen in English compound nouns and verbs has, in general, been steadily declining. Compounds that might once have been hyphenated are increasingly left with spaces or are combined into one give-and-take. Reflecting this changing usage, in 2007, the 6th edition of the Shorter Oxford English Lexicon removed the hyphens from 16,000 entries, such as fig-leaf (now fig leaf), pot-belly (now pot belly), and pigeon-pigsty (at present pigeonhole).^[6] The increasing prevalence of computer technology and the advent of the Internet have given rise to a subset of mutual nouns that might have been hyphenated in the by (eastward.thou., toolbar, hyperlink, and pastebin).

Despite decreased apply, hyphenation remains the norm in certain compound-modifier constructions and, among some authors, with certain prefixes (see beneath). Hyphenation is too routinely used as part of syllabification in justified texts to avoid cruddy spacing (especially in columns with narrow line lengths, as when used with newspapers).

Separating [edit]

Justification and line-wrapping [edit]

When flowing text, information technology is sometimes preferable to break a word into two so that it continues on some other line rather than moving the unabridged give-and-take to the next line. The word may be divided at the nearest break indicate between syllables (syllabification) and a hyphen inserted to indicate that the letters form a give-and-take fragment, rather than a full word. This allows more efficient use of paper, allows affluent appearance of right-side margins (justification) without oddly large word spaces, and decreases the problem of rivers. This kind of hyphenation is most useful when the width of the column (called the "line length" in typography) is very narrow. For example:

Justified text without hyphenation		Justified text with hyphenation
We,       therefore,      the representatives of the United States of America ...		We, therefore, the represen- tatives of the Us of America ...

Rules (or guidelines) for correct hyphenation vary between languages, and may be circuitous, and they tin interact with other orthographic and typesetting practices. Hyphenation algorithms, when employed in concert^{[ clarification needed ]} with dictionaries, are sufficient for all but the most formal texts.

Information technology may be necessary to distinguish an incidental line-break hyphen from ane integral to a word existence mentioned (as when used in a dictionary) or present in an original text beingness quoted (when in a critical edition), not only to control its word wrap behavior (which encoding handles with hard and soft hyphens having the aforementioned glyph) but also to differentiate appearance (with a different glyph). Webster's Third New International Dictionary ^[7] and the Chambers Lexicon ^[8] use a double hyphen for integral hyphens and a single hyphen for line-breaks, whereas Kromhout'southward Afrikaans–English dictionary uses the opposite convention.^[9] The Concise Oxford Dictionary (fifth edition) suggested repeating an integral hyphen at the start of the post-obit line.^[ten]

Prefixes and suffixes [edit]

Prefixes (such as de-, pre-, re-, and not- ^[11]) and suffixes (such equally -less , -like , -ness , and -hood ) are sometimes hyphenated, specially when the unhyphenated spelling resembles another word or when the affixation is deemed misinterpretable, ambiguous, or somehow "odd-looking" (for example, having two consecutive monographs that look like the digraphs of English language, like e+a, e+e, or east+i). Nonetheless, the unhyphenated style, which is also called closed upward or solid, is usually preferred, specially when the derivative has been relatively familiarized or popularized through extensive use in various contexts. Every bit a rule of thumb, affixes are not hyphenated unless the lack of a hyphen would injure clarity.

The hyphen may be used between vowel letters (east.g., ee, ea, ei) to bespeak that they do non grade a digraph. Some words accept both hyphenated and unhyphenated variants: de-escalate/deescalate, co-functioning/cooperation, re-examine/reexamine, de-emphasize/deemphasize, and so on. Words often lose their hyphen as they become more than common, such as email instead of e-post . When there are tripled letters, the hyphenated variant of these words is frequently more common (as in shell-like instead of shelllike).

Closed-up style is avoided in some cases: possible homographs, such every bit recreation (fun or sport) versus re-creation (the human action of creating over again), retreat (turn back) versus re-treat (give therapy once more), and un-ionized (not in ion class) versus unionized (organized into merchandise unions); combinations with proper nouns or adjectives ( un-American , de-Stalinisation );^{[12] [13]} acronyms ( anti-TNF antibody , not-SI units ); or numbers ( pre-1949 affairs , pre-1492 cartography ). Although proto-oncogene is still hyphenated past both Dorland'due south and Merriam-Webster's Medical, the solid (that is, unhyphenated) styling (protooncogene) is a common variant, particularly amidst oncologists and geneticists.^{[ citation needed ]}

A diaeresis may also be used in a like fashion, either to separate and mark off monographs (as in coöperation) or to signalize a vocalic terminal eastward (for case, Brontë). This employ of the diaeresis peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but information technology was never applied extensively across the language: only a handful of diaereses, including coöperation and Brontë, are encountered with any appreciable frequency in English language; thus reëxamine, reïterate, deëmphasize, etc. are seldom encountered. In borrowings from Modern French, whose orthography utilizes the diaeresis as a means to differentiate graphemes, diverse English dictionaries listing the dieresis every bit optional (as in naive and naïve) despite the juxtaposition of a and i.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Syllabification and spelling [edit]

Hyphens are occasionally used to denote syllabification, as in syl-la-bi-fi-ca-tion. Diverse British and Due north American dictionaries employ an interpunct, sometimes called a "middle dot" or "hyphenation point", for this purpose, as in syl·la·bi·fi·ca·tion. This allows the hyphen to be reserved only for places where a hard hyphen is intended (for instance, self-con·scious , united nations·self-con·scious , long-stand up·ing ). Similarly, hyphens may be used to indicate how a word is existence or should exist spelled. For example, W-O-R-D spells "give-and-take".

In nineteenth-century American literature, hyphens were likewise used irregularly to split syllables in words from indigenous Due north American languages, without regard for etymology or pronunciation,^[14] such equally "Shuh-shuh-gah" (from Ojibwe zhashagi, "blue heron") in The Song of Hiawatha.^[15] This usage is now rare and proscribed, except in some place names such equally Ah-gwah-ching.

Joining [edit]

Chemical compound modifiers [edit]

Compound modifiers are groups of two or more words that jointly modify the meaning of another word. When a compound modifier other than an adverb–adjective combination appears before a term, the compound modifier is often hyphenated to prevent misunderstanding, such equally in American-football player or piffling-celebrated paintings. Without the hyphen, at that place is potential confusion about whether the writer means a "thespian of American football" or an "American actor of football" and whether the writer means paintings that are "picayune celebrated" or "celebrated paintings" that are piffling.^[sixteen] Compound modifiers can extend to three or more words, equally in water ice-cream-flavored candy, and tin exist adverbial as well as adjectival ( spine-tinglingly frightening). However, if the compound is a familiar one, it is usually unhyphenated. For example, some fashion guides prefer the construction loftier school students, to loftier-school students.^{[17] [xviii]} Although the expression is technically cryptic ("students of a loftier school"/"school students who are high"), information technology would normally exist formulated differently if other than the kickoff meaning were intended. Noun–noun compound modifiers may also be written without a hyphen when no confusion is likely: grade bespeak average and department store manager.^[18]

When a compound modifier follows the term to which it applies, a hyphen is typically not used if the compound is a temporary compound. For example, "that gentleman is well respected", non "that gentleman is well-respected"; or "a patient-centered approach was used" just "the approach was patient centered."^[19] Simply permanent compounds, found as headwords in dictionaries, are treated every bit invariable, then if they are hyphenated in the cited dictionary, the hyphenation will be used in both attributive and predicative positions. For example, "A cost-effective method was used" and "The method was cost-effective" (toll-constructive is a permanent chemical compound that is hyphenated as a headword in various dictionaries). When one of the parts of the modifier is a proper noun or a proper describing word, there is no hyphen (e.g., "a South American actor").^[20]

When the starting time modifier in a compound is an adverb ending in -ly (e.g., "a poorly written novel"), various style guides propose no hyphen.^{[twenty] [ additional citation(due south) needed ]} Withal, some do allow for this employ. For example, The Economist Manner Guide advises: "Adverbs do not need to be linked to participles or adjectives past hyphens in simple constructions... Less mutual adverbs, including all those that finish -ly, are less probable to demand hyphens."^[21] In the 19th century, it was common to hyphenate adverb–adjective modifiers with the adverb catastrophe in -ly (e.thou., "a craftily-constructed chair"). However, this has become rare. For case, wholly owned subsidiary and quickly moving vehicle are unambiguous, considering the adverbs clearly change the adjectives: "quickly" cannot modify "vehicle".

However, if an adverb can likewise role as an adjective, then a hyphen may be or should be used for clarity, depending on the style guide.^[thirteen] For example, the phrase more than-of import reasons ("reasons that are more than important") is distinguished from more of import reasons ("additional important reasons"), where more than is an adjective. Similarly, more-beautiful scenery (with a mass-noun) is distinct from more than beautiful scenery. (In contrast, the hyphen in "a more-important reason" is not necessary, because the syntax cannot be misinterpreted.) A few short and common words—such every bit well, ill, picayune, and much—attract special attention in this category.^[21] The hyphen in "well-[past_participled] noun", such as in "well-differentiated cells", might reasonably exist judged superfluous (the syntax is unlikely to exist misinterpreted), all the same enough of way guides call for it. Considering early has both adverbial and adjectival senses, its hyphenation can concenter attention; some editors, due to comparison with advanced-stage disease and adult-onset disease, like the parallelism of early-phase disease and early-onset disease. Similarly, the hyphen in little-celebrated paintings clarifies that one is not speaking of trivial paintings.

Hyphens are commonly used to connect numbers and words in modifying phrases. Such is the case when used to describe dimensional measurements of weight, size, and time, under the rationale that, like other compound modifiers, they take hyphens in attributive position (earlier the modified noun),^[22] although not in predicative position (after the modified noun). This is applied whether numerals or words are used for the numbers. Thus 28-year-old adult female and twenty-eight-twelvemonth-old woman or 32-human foot wingspan and 30-two-foot wingspan, but the woman is 28 years old and a wingspan of 32 feet.^[a] However, with symbols for SI units (such as m or kg)—as opposed to the names of these units (such every bit metre or kilogram)—the numerical value is ever separated from it with a space: a 25 kg sphere. When the unit names are spelled out, this recommendation does not employ: a 25-kilogram sphere, a roll of 35-millimetre moving picture.^[23]

In spelled-out fractions, hyphens are usually used when the fraction is used as an adjective but not when it is used as a substantive: thus 2-thirds bulk ^[a] and one-eighth portion but I drank two thirds of the bottle or I kept three quarters of information technology for myself.^[24] However, at to the lowest degree one major style guide^[22] hyphenates spelled-out fractions invariably (whether adjective or substantive).

In English, an en dash, –, sometimes replaces the hyphen in hyphenated compounds if either of its constituent parts is already hyphenated or contains a space (for example, San Francisco–area residents, hormone receptor–positive cells, jail cell cycle–related factors, and public-schoolhouse–private-school rivalries).^[25] A commonly used alternative fashion is the hyphenated string (hormone-receptor-positive cells, cell-cycle-related factors). (For other aspects of en dash–versus–hyphen use, see Dash § En nuance.)

Object–verbal-noun compounds [edit]

When an object is compounded with a verbal noun, such as egg-beater (a tool that beats eggs), the result is sometimes hyphenated. Some authors do this consistently, others only for disambiguation; in this case, egg-beater, egg beater, and eggbeater are all common.

An case of an ambiguous phrase appears in they stood near a group of alien lovers, which without a hyphen implies that they stood near a group of lovers who were aliens; they stood virtually a group of conflicting-lovers clarifies that they stood about a group of people who loved aliens, as "alien" can be either an adjective or a substantive. On the other hand, in the phrase a hungry pizza-lover, the hyphen will often exist omitted (a hungry pizza lover), as "pizza" cannot be an adjective and the phrase is therefore unambiguous.

Similarly, a homo-eating shark is nearly the opposite of a man eating shark; the first refers to a shark that eats people, and the second to a homo who eats shark meat. A authorities-monitoring program is a program that monitors the regime, whereas a government monitoring program is a government programme that monitors something else.

Personal names [edit]

Some married couples compose a new surname (sometimes referred to as a double-barrelled proper name) for their new family by combining their two surnames with a hyphen. Jane Doe and John Smith might become Jane and John Smith-Doe, or Doe-Smith, for instance. In some countries merely the woman hyphenates her birth surname, appending her husband's surname.

With already-hyphenated names, some parts are typically dropped. For example, Aaron Johnson and Samantha Taylor-Wood became Aaron Taylor-Johnson and Sam Taylor-Johnson. Non all hyphenated surnames are the result of marriage. For instance Julia Louis-Dreyfus is a descendant of Louis Lemlé Dreyfus whose son was Léopold Louis-Dreyfus.

Other compounds [edit]

Connecting hyphens are used in a large number of miscellaneous compounds, other than modifiers, such as in lily-of-the-valley, erect-a-hoop, clever-clever, tittle-tattle and orang-utan. Utilise is often dictated past convention rather than fixed rules, and hyphenation styles may vary betwixt authors; for case, orang-utan is also written as orangutan or orang utan, and lily-of-the-valley may be hyphenated or non.

Suspended hyphens [edit]

A suspended hyphen (also called a suspensive hyphen or hanging hyphen, or less usually a dangling or floating hyphen) may exist used when a unmarried base of operations word is used with separate, consecutive, hyphenated words that are connected past "and", "or", or "to". For example, brusque-term and long-term plans may be written as short- and long-term plans. This usage is now mutual and specifically recommended in some mode guides.^[eighteen] Suspended hyphens are also used, though less normally, when the base word comes first, such as in "investor-owned and -operated". Uses such as "applied and sociolinguistics" (instead of "practical linguistics and sociolinguistics") are frowned upon; the Indiana University style guide uses this example and says "Do not 'take a shortcut' when the commencement expression is ordinarily open" (i.e., ordinarily two separate words).^[18] This is different, however, from instances where prefixes that are normally closed up (styled solidly) are used suspensively. For example, preoperative and postoperative becomes pre- and postoperative (not pre- and post-operative ) when suspended. Some editors adopt to avoid suspending such pairs, choosing instead to write out both words in full.^[22]

Other uses [edit]

A hyphen may be used to connect groups of numbers, such every bit in dates (run into below), telephone numbers or sports scores. It can also be used to indicate a range of values, although many styles prefer an en nuance (meet examples at Nuance § En dash §§ Ranges of values).

The hyphen is sometimes used to hide letters in words (filleting for redaction or censoring), equally in Chiliad-d, although an en dash can be used as well ("G–d").

The hyphen is often used in reduplicatives.

Varied meanings [edit]

Some stark examples of semantic changes caused by the placement of hyphens to mark attributive phrases:

• Disease-causing poor nutrition is poor nutrition that causes illness.
  • Disease causing poor nutrition is a disease that causes poor nutrition.
• A hard-working man is a man who works hard.
  • A difficult working man is a working homo who is tough.
• A human being-eating shark is a shark that eats humans.
  • A human being eating shark is a man who is eating shark meat.
• Three-hundred-year-old copse are an indeterminate number of trees that are each 300 years old.
  • 3 hundred-year-quondam trees are iii copse that are each 100 years old.
  • Three hundred year-one-time trees are 300 copse that are each a yr former.

Origin and history [edit]

The first known documentation of the hyphen is in the grammatical works of Dionysius Thrax. At the time hyphenation was joining two words that would otherwise be read separately by a low necktie mark between the ii words.^[26] In Greek these marks were known equally enotikon, officially romanized as a hyphen.^[27]

With the introduction of letter-spacing in the Middle Ages, the hyphen, still written below the text, reversed its meaning. Scribes used the marker to connect ii words that had been incorrectly separated past a space. This era also saw the introduction of the marginal hyphen, for words broken across lines.^[28]

The modern format of the hyphen originated with Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz, Frg, c.  1455 with the publication of his 42-line Bible. His tools did not let for a sublinear hyphen, and he thus moved it to the eye of the line.^[29] Examination of an original copy on vellum (Hubay index #35) in the U. Southward. Library of Congress shows that Gutenberg's movable type was set justified in a uniform style, 42 equal lines per folio. The Gutenberg printing printing required words made up of individual letters of type to be held in place by a surrounding not-printing rigid frame. Gutenberg solved the problem of making each line the same length to fit the frame by inserting a hyphen as the terminal element at the correct-side margin. This interrupted the letters in the last word, requiring the remaining messages be carried over to the start of the line below. His double hyphen appears throughout the Bible as a short, double line inclined to the correct at a sixty-degree angle: ⸗ ^{[ citation needed ]}

In computing [edit]

Hyphen-minuses [edit]

In the ASCII graphic symbol encoding, the hyphen (or minus) is character 45₁₀.^[thirty] As Unicode is identical to ASCII (the 1967 version) for all encodings up to 127₁₀, the number 45_ten (2nd_sixteen) is also assigned to this graphic symbol in Unicode, where it is denoted equally U+002D - HYPHEN-MINUS .^[31] Unicode has, in addition, other encodings for minus and hyphen characters: U+2212 − MINUS SIGN and U+2010 ‐ HYPHEN , respectively. The unambiguous hyphen at U+2010 is generally inconvenient to enter on well-nigh keyboards and the glyphs for this hyphen and the hyphen-minus are identical in most fonts (Lucida Sans Unicode is one of the few exceptions). Consequently, use of the hyphen-minus as the hyphen graphic symbol is very common. Even the Unicode Standard regularly uses the hyphen-minus for separating and joining rather than this hyphen.

The hyphen-minus has express use in indicating subtraction; for instance, compare 4+3−two=5 (minus) and 4+3-2=5 (hyphen-minus) — in most fonts, the hyphen-minus will not take the optimal width, thickness, or vertical position, whereas the minus grapheme will. Nevertheless, in many spreadsheet and programming applications the hyphen-minus must be typed to indicate subtraction, as apply of the Unicode minus sign will produce an fault.

The hyphen-minus is oft used instead of dashes or minus signs in situations where the latter characters are unavailable (such as type-written or ASCII-but text), where they take effort to enter (via dialog boxes or multi-key keyboard shortcuts), or when the author is unaware of the stardom. Consequently, some writers utilize two hyphen-minuses -- to correspond an em dash.^[32]

The hyphen-minus character is also often used when specifying command-line options. The graphic symbol is normally followed past one or more letters that indicate specific actions. Typically it is chosen a nuance or switch in this context. Various implementations of the getopt function to parse command-line options additionally allow the use of two hyphen-minus characters, --, to specify long selection names that are more than descriptive than their single-letter equivalents. Another employ of hyphens is that employed by programs written with pipelining in mind: a single hyphen may be recognized in lieu of a filename, with the hyphen then serving as an indicator that a standard stream, instead of a file, is to be worked with.

Soft and hard hyphens [edit]

Although software (hyphenation algorithms) can frequently automatically make decisions on when to hyphenate a give-and-take at a line break, information technology is besides sometimes useful for the user to be able to insert cues for those decisions (which are dynamic in the online medium, given that text tin can be reflowed). For this purpose, the concept of a soft hyphen (discretionary hyphen, optional hyphen) was introduced, allowing such manual specification of a place where a hyphenated break is allowed merely not forced. That is, it does non force a line interruption in an inconvenient place when the text is later reflowed.

Soft hyphens are inserted into the text at the positions where hyphenation may occur. Information technology tin can be a tedious task to insert the soft hyphens by hand, and tools using hyphenation algorithms are bachelor that do this automatically. Current modules^{[ which? ]} of the Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) standard provide language-specific hyphenation dictionaries.

In contrast, a hyphen that is always displayed and printed is called a "hard hyphen". This tin be a Unicode hyphen, a hyphen-minus, or a not-breaking hyphen (see below). Sometimes the term is limited to non-breaking hyphens.

Non-breaking hyphens [edit]

The non-breaking hyphen, nonbreaking hyphen, or no-break hyphen looks identical to the regular hyphen, merely word processors care for it as a alphabetic character then that the hyphenated word will not exist divided at the hyphen should this fall at what would be the terminate of a line of text; instead, either the whole hyphenated word will remain in total at the end of the line or it will get in full to the beginning of the next line. The not-breaking space exists for like reasons.

The word segmentation rules of most text systems consider a hyphen to be a word boundary and a valid bespeak at which to break a line when flowing text. Even so, this is not always desirable beliefs, especially when information technology could lead to ambivalence (e.g. retreat and re‑care for would be indistinguishable with a line break later on re), or in languages other than English (e.1000., a line break at the hyphen in Irish an t‑athair or Romanaian south‑a would be undesirable). The non-breaking hyphen addresses this demand. For usage on Wikipedia run across Wikipedia:Non-breaking hyphen.

Usage in date notation [edit]

Use of hyphens to delineate the parts of a written date, as opposed to the slashes used conventionally in Anglophone countries, is specified in the international standard ISO 8601. Thus, for instance, 1789-07-14 is the standard way of writing the engagement of Bastille Day. This standard has been transposed equally European Standard EN 28601 and has been incorporated into various national typographic manner guides (east.g., DIN 5008 in Germany). At present all official Eu (and many fellow member state) documents use this style. This is also the typical engagement format used in large parts of Europe and Asia, although sometimes with other separators than the hyphen.

This method has gained influence within North America, as most common computer file systems make the utilize of slashes in file names difficult or impossible. DOS, Bone/ii and Windows employ / to innovate and separate switches to vanquish commands, and on both Windows and Unix-similar systems slashes in a filename innovate sub-directories which may not be desirable. Besides encouraging use of dashes, the Y-M-D order and zero-padding of numbers less than 10 are also copied from ISO 8601 to make the filenames sort by date order.

Unicode [edit]

Apart from dash and minus sign, Unicode has multiple hyphen characters:^[33]

• U+002D - HYPHEN-MINUS, a character of multiple uses
• U+00AD SOFT HYPHEN (HTML ­) (encounter note)
• U+2010 ‐ HYPHEN (HTML ‐ or ‐)
• U+2011 ‑ NON-BREAKING HYPHEN

Note: The SOFT HYPHEN serves as an invisible marker used to specify a identify in text where a hyphenated pause is allowed without forcing a line intermission in an inconvenient identify if the text is reflowed. It becomes visible only after word wrapping at the end of a line.

And in non-Latin scripts:^[33]

• U+058A ֊ ARMENIAN HYPHEN
• U+1806 ᠆ MONGOLIAN TODO SOFT HYPHEN
• U+1B60 ᭠ BALINESE PAMENENG (used just as a line-breaking hyphen)
• U+2E17 ⸗ DOUBLE OBLIQUE HYPHEN (used in ancient Near-Eastern linguistics and in blackletter typefaces)
• U+05BE ־ HEBREW PUNCTUATION MAQAF (used in Hebrew)
• U+30FB ・ KATAKANA Heart DOT (has the Unicode property of "Hyphen" despite its proper name)
• U+FE63 ﹣ SMALL HYPHEN-MINUS (compatibility character for a small hyphen-minus, used in East Asian typography)
• U+FF0D － FULLWIDTH HYPHEN-MINUS (compatibility character for a wide hyphen-minus, used in Due east Asian typography)
• U+FF65 ･ HALFWIDTH KATAKANA Centre DOT (compatibility grapheme for a broad katakana middle dot, has the Unicode property of "Hyphen" despite its proper name)

Unicode distinguishes the hyphen from the general interpunct. The characters below do not accept the Unicode property of "Hyphen" despite their names:^[33]

• U+1400 ᐀ CANADIAN SYLLABICS HYPHEN
• U+2027 ‧ HYPHENATION Betoken
• U+2043 ⁃ HYPHEN BULLET (HTML ⁃)
• U+2E1A ⸚ HYPHEN WITH DIAERESIS
• U+2E40 ⹀ DOUBLE HYPHEN
• U+30A0 ゠ KATAKANA-HIRAGANA DOUBLE HYPHEN
• U+10EAD 𐺭 YEZIDI HYPHENATION MARK

(See interpunct and bullet (typography) for more round characters.)

See likewise [edit]

• Double hyphen
• French orthography#Hyphens
• Hyphen State of war
• Papyrological hyphen: equivalent in pre-modernistic Greek

Notes [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} With numbers, where a plural noun would normally be used in an unhyphenated predicative position, the atypical class of the substantive is generally used in the hyphenated form used attributively. Thus a woman who is 28 years onetime becomes a 28-yr-old adult female. There are occasional exceptions to this general rule, for instance with fractions (a two-thirds majority) and irregular plurals (a two-criteria review, a 2-teeth bridge).

References [edit]

1. ^ "Hyphen Definition". dictionary.com . Retrieved 18 June 2015.
2. ^ "American National Standard X3.4-1977: American Standard Code for Information Interchange" (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 10 (4.2 Graphic characters).
3. ^ ὑφέν . Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Projection.
4. ^ Harper, Douglas. "hyphen". Online Etymology Dictionary.
5. ^ Wroe, Ann, ed. (2015). The Economist Style Guide (11th ed.). London / New York: Contour Books / PublicAffairs. p. 74. hyphens  There is no firm rule to aid you determine which words are run together, hyphenated or left separate.
6. ^ "Small object of grammatical desire". BBC News. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. xx September 2007. .
7. ^ Gove, Philip Babcock (1993). Webster's Tertiary New International Lexicon of the English language Language, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster. p. 14a, § 1.half-dozen.1. ISBN978-0-87779-201-7 . Retrieved 28 Nov 2014.
8. ^ Chambers, Allied (2006). The Chambers Dictionary. Allied Publishers. p. xxxviii, § 8. ISBN978-8186062258 . Retrieved 28 November 2014.
9. ^ Kromhout, Jan (2001). Afrikaans–English, English–Afrikaans Dictionary . Hippocrene Books. p. 182, § 5. ISBN978-0-7818-0846-0 . Retrieved 28 November 2014.
10. ^ Hartmann, R. Rf. Yard. (1986). The History of Lexicography: Papers from the Dictionary Research Centre Seminar at Exeter, March 1986. John Benjamins Publishing. p. ix. ISBN978-9027245236.
11. ^ A adequately comprehensive list, although not exhaustive, is given at Prefix > List of English language derivational prefixes.
12. ^ "Hyphenated Words: A Guide", The Grammar Curmudgeon, City slide .
13. ^ ^{a b} "Hyphens", Punctuation, Grammar book .
14. ^ Liberman, Marking. "American Indian Hyphens". Language Log.
15. ^ Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. The Song of Hiawatha.
16. ^ Gary Blake and Robert W. Bly, The Elements of Technical Writing, p. 48. New York: Macmillan Publishers, 1993. ISBN 0020130856
17. ^ E.m. "H". Bloomberg School Style Manual. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Wellness. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
18. ^ ^{a b c d} E.thousand. "H". The IU editorial mode guide. Indiana University. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
19. ^ Davis, John (30 Nov 2004). "Using Hyphens in Compound Adjectives (and Exceptions to the Rule)" (Grammar tip). UHV. Archived from the original on 9 Jan 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
20. ^ ^{a b} "Hyphenated Chemical compound Words". englishplus.com . Retrieved 18 November 2014.
21. ^ ^{a b} Wroe, Ann, ed. (2015). The Economist Fashion Guide (11th ed.). London / New York: Contour Books / PublicAffairs. pp. 77–78. hyphens   ... 12. Adverbs: Adverbs do non need to exist linked to participles or adjectives by hyphens in elementary constructions [examples elided]. But if the adverb is ane of two words together being used adjectivally, a hyphen may be needed [examples elided]. The hyphen is particularly likely to be needed if the adverb is brusk and mutual, such as ill, trivial, much and well. Less common adverbs, including all those that end -ly, are less likely to demand hyphens [example elided].
22. ^ ^{a b c} Iverson, Cheryl, et al. (eds) (2007). "eight.three.1". AMA Manual of Style (tenth ed.). Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-0-19-517633-9.
23. ^ Agency international des poids et mesures, Le Système international d'unités (SI) / The International System of Units (SI), ninth ed. (Sèvres: 2019), ISBN 978-92-822-2272-0, sub§5.iv.3, p. 149; "Guide for the Use of the International Arrangement of Units (SI)", NIST Special Publication 811, National Institute of Standards and Applied science, March 2008.
24. ^ American Psychological Association (APA) (2010), The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Clan (6th ed.), Washington, DC: American Psychological Clan, ISBN978-1-4338-0562-2.
25. ^ Gary Lutz; Diane Stevenson (2005). The Writer's Assimilate grammar desk reference. Writer's Assimilate Books. p. 296. ISBN978-1-58297-335-7.
26. ^ Nicolas, Nick. "Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation Archived half-dozen Baronial 2012 at annal.today". 2005. Accessed vii October 2014.
27. ^ Ελληνικός Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης [Ellīnikós Organismós Typopoíīsīs, "Hellenic Organization for Standardization"]. ΕΛΟΤ 743, 2η Έκδοση [ELOT 743, 2ī Ekdosī, "ELOT 743, 2nd ed."]. ELOT (Athens), 2001. (in Greek)
28. ^ Keith Houston (2013). Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks. W.W. Norton & Visitor. p. 121. ISBN978-0-393-06442-1.
29. ^ Keith Houston (2013). Shady Characters: The Cloak-and-dagger Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks. W.Due west. Norton & Visitor. p. 132. ISBN978-0-393-06442-one.
30. ^ Haralambous, Yannis (2007). "ASCII". Fonts & Encodings. O'Reilly Media. p. 29. ISBN0596102429.
31. ^ "3.1 General scripts" (PDF). Unicode Version 1.0 · Character Blocks. p. 30. Loose vs. Precise Semantics. Some ASCII characters accept multiple uses, either through ambiguity in the original standards or through accumulated reinterpretations of a limited codeset. For example, 27 hex is defined in ANSI X3.iv as apostrophe (closing single quotation marking; acute accent), and second hex as hyphen minus.
32. ^ Bringhurst, Robert (2004). The elements of typographic way (tertiary ed.). Hartley & Marks, Publishers. p. 80. ISBN978-0-88179-206-5 . Retrieved 10 November 2020. In typescript, a double hyphen (--) is often used for a long nuance. Double hyphens in a typeset document are a certain sign that the type was fix by a typist, not a typographer. A typographer volition use an em dash, three-quarter em, or en dash, depending on context or personal style. The em dash is the nineteenth-century standard, even so prescribed in many editorial style books, but the em dash is too long for use with the best text faces. Like the oversized space betwixt sentences, it belongs to the padded and corseted aesthetic of Victorian typography.
33. ^ ^{a b c} "Unicode 13.0 UCD: PropList.txt". 27 November 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020.

External links [edit]

Look up hyphen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Wiktionary list of English phrases spelled with a hyphen
• A curt guide to using the hyphen
• Economist Way Guide—Hyphens
• Using hyphens in English; rules and recommendations
• Compound Words: When to Hyphenate Archived 27 January 2014 at the Wayback Auto
• Jukka Korpela, Soft hyphen (SHY)—a hard trouble? (See likewise his article on give-and-take breaking, line breaks, and special characters (including hyphens) in HTML.)
• Markus Kuhn, Unicode estimation of SOFT HYPHEN breaks ISO 8859-i compatibility. Unicode Technical Committee document L2/03-155R, June 2003.
• Hyphenator.js
• hypho-o, hypho-o online soft hyphen insertion tool
• Lyric Hyphenator, Online Hyphenation Tool
• United states of america Regime Printing Office Mode Manual 2000 6. Compounding Rules
• ushuaia.pl, online hyphenator (multilanguage)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen

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